A solar eclipse happens when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun. From some places on Earth, the Moon blocks part or all of the Sun.
Types of solar eclipse
A total solar eclipse blocks the Sun completely in a narrow path. A partial eclipse blocks only part of it. An annular eclipse leaves a bright ring because the Moon appears too small to cover the Sun fully.
Why solar eclipses are not monthly
The Moon's orbit is tilted compared with Earth's path around the Sun, so the alignment is not perfect every month. A lunar eclipse happens with a different alignment.
Solar eclipses are predictable alignment events, but they should never be viewed without proper eye protection.